Немно́го о языке́ 5.2 Что де́лает Ке́йти в поне́дельник?
Но́вые глаго́лы = New Verbs
In this section of the unit you meet a large number of verbs. Most of these verbs conjugate similarly to verbs that you already know. But there are some new conjugation patterns to learn. Grouping verbs by similar ending types will help you to learn their forms.
Повторя́ем
Review the endings for first and second conjugation types.
| 1st conjugation | 2nd conjugation | |
|---|---|---|
| я | -у | -ю |
| ты | -ешь | -ишь |
| он/она́/оно́ | -ет | -ит |
| мы | -ем | -им |
| вы | -ете | -ите |
| они́ | -ут | -ят |
New First Conjugation Verbs
Most of the new verbs you encounter conjugate similarly to чита́ть (stem: читай-)
Other verbs like читать (stem: читай-)
| обе́дать (stem: обе́дай-) | to eat main meal, to have lunch |
| у́жинать (stem: у́жинай-) | to eat an evening meal, to have dinner |
Having Meals
За́втракать can easily be used to describe the first meal of the day, and can even sometimes be used of a later morning snack. У́жинать is pretty clearly a evening meal. Обе́дать is trickier. It tends to be the largest meal of the day, traditionally requiring a soup course. The word still tends to be used for a midday meal, even if not as elegant. This is the word that is used to describe a special or festive meal. With the post-Soviet cultural changes since 1991, обе́д now has stiff competition from би́знес-ланч, a prix-fixe midday meal that many restaurants advertise widely.
| опа́здывать (stem: опа́здывай-) | to run late |
| принима́ть (stem: принима́й-) душ | to take a shower |
| расска́зывать(stem: расска́зывай-) | to tell (a story), to narrate |
Like чита́ть, but with the particle –ся at the end:
| занима́ться (stem: занима́й- + ся) | to study (hit the books) |
New First Conjugation Verbs: the –ава́-ть type
You have seen two verbs whose infinitives end in –ава́-ть.
| встава́ть | to get up |
| преподава́ть | to teach |
The stems of these verbs differ from the infinitive, because the letters –ава́- disappear and are replaced with –ай in the present tense. The endings in the present tense are always stressed.
- вст – ава́ – ть → встай- ́
- препод – ава́ – ть → преподай- ́
In contrast, the past tense of verbs in –ава́-ть is formed regularly from the infinitive, so you will have: Он встава́л, она встава́ла, etc. [We will work more with the past tense forms in later units.]
Second conjugation verbs
The second conjugation verbs you encounter in this unit cluster in three groups.
Group 1: Like говори́ть (stem: говор- )
- ве́рить (stem: вер-) = to believe
- кури́ть (stem: кур-) = to smoke
Group 2: Like люби́ть (stem: люб- with consonant mutation in я form)
- гото́вить (stem: готов- with mutation: в > вл) = to prepare, to cook
- спать (stem: сп- with mutation: п > пл) = to sleep
- чи́стить (stem: чист- with mutation: ст > щ) = to clean, brush, polish
Group 3: Like учи́ться
- ложи́ться (stem: лож- ́ + ся) = to lie down
Упражне́ние 1
Some of the new words are close to those you already know, or have some similarities to other new words. Select the verb that you hear in each sentence. To help you learn the words, you can get an English hint as to the word meaning by clicking on the "show tip" icon (the "i") at the right of each answer.
Упражне́ние 2
Listen to the beginning of each sentence and choose the most logical completion from the choices provided.
Stress in These New Verbs
Stem Stress
- Verbs with stems ending in –ай, have stress that falls on the same syllable as in the infinitive.
- Of the new second conjugation verbs, ве́рить, гото́вить, спа́ть, чи́стить all have fixed stress, that falls on the same syllable as in the infinitive.
End Stress
- Verbs in –ава-ть also have fixed stress, but it always falls on their endings.
- The verbs ложи́ться has fixed stress on its ending.
Backwards moving stress
- Of all the new verbs here, only кури́ть (stem: кур-) has stress that starts on the ending in the я form (курю́), and then moves back onto the stem (ку́ришь).
Going in Russian - Introduction: Conjugating идти́ and е́хать
Both of these verbs have first conjugation endings, although their stems (и́дти — stem: ид- ́ and е́хать — stem: е́д- ) are not particularly obvious from their infinitives.
| Infinitive | идти́ to go by foot |
е́хать to go by vehicle |
|---|---|---|
| Stem: | ид- ́ | е́д- |
| я | иду́ | е́ду |
| ты | идёшь | е́дешь |
| он/она́ | идёт | е́дет |
| мы | идём | е́дем |
| вы | идёте | е́дете |
| они́ | иду́т | е́дут |
In terms of meaning, these verbs are complicated because they don’t have single or direct English equivalents.
Идти́ and е́хать both refer to “motion in process” and should be thought of as equivalents of English’s “to be on one’s way” or “to be heading.”
The verb идти́ (stem: ид-) is used for “going” when people and things go under their own power. In contrast, the verb е́хать (stem: ед-) is used to talk about “going” when people and things are using a form of transportation. Because of this, идти́ partially overlaps with English’s “walk,” while е́хать partially overlaps with “ride” or “travel.”
Implications
In English we often do not specify whether we are using a form of transportation or not, but in Russian you will have to use е́хать, when talking about going to another city, country, region, or other geographical destination.
You will learn more about the complements for these two going verbs in Уро́к 5 Часть 2.
Упражне́ние 3
Упражне́ние 4. Слу́шаем (Listening Exercise)
You are with your conversation partner, who sometimes talks very quickly and uses words you don’t know yet. Listen to the statements that the conversation partner makes and try to catch whether the statement is about going on foot or going by vehicle.